Fisheries Monitoring

In spite of progressive urbanisation and emerging secondary and tertiary economic sectors, food security for about 65 million people in the Lower Mekong River Basin (LMB) is still dependent on rice and fish. Rice is the main supplier of energy and plant protein in the diet and fish supplies a range of important micronutrients and animal protein.

In terms of fish biodiversity, the Mekong River is home to more than 1,100 species, including the world’s largest freshwater fish, with its annual catch of 2.3 million tonnes. The MRC estimates that the economic value of capture fisheries in the LMB is worth around USD 11 billion per year. The largest fish catch occurs in the extensive floodplain in central Cambodia.

Fish contributes 81% of the population’s protein intake in Cambodia and 48% in Lao PDR. The Mekong inland fisheries also provide employment and constitute a safety net, especially for poor households in rural communities. In Cambodia and the Mekong Delta in Viet Nam alone, almost 7 million people derive their livelihoods from fisheries and aquaculture. In Cambodia, some 30% of the population is estimated to be employed in the sector. This means any substantial irreversible damage to ecosystems in the region may lead to severe food shortages.

As the population of the LMB is predicted to grow to over 100 million by 2025, dependence on fisheries is set to increase. Accelerating economic development and increased consumption are also placing pressure on fisheries. The MRC 2018 State of the Basin Report shows a reduction in fish catch per unit effort (CPUE) in several areas in the LMB. A reduction in large and medium-sized species are resulting in catches dominated by small fish species. These changes could be interpreted as signs of overfishing. Other reasons for the changes in catch rates and fish size could include reduced sediment and nutrient transport to floodplain areas important for fish productivity, and the disruption of fish migration routes due to water infrastructure developments, such as hydropower.

Recognising the need to maintain fisheries and aquatic resources in light of development pressures in the basin, the lower Mekong countries have prioritised fisheries monitoring in order to understand current and emerging trends. 

MRC Interventions

The MRC has been supporting regional capture fisheries monitoring programmes to help the Member Countries monitor capture fisheries in the LMB since 1995. The programmes employ three categories of monitoring: fish abundance and diversity monitoring (FADM), fish larvae drift monitoring (FLDM) and bagnet (dai) fishery monitoring.

  • Fish abundance and diversity monitoring: The fish abundance and diversity monitoring programme has been implemented in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, and Viet Nam since 2003. The programme assesses changes in fish species diversity, catch composition and abundance to improve understanding of environmental factors to inform fisheries planning and management.

    Data on fish catches are collected daily at 38 locations across the four countries in both dry and wet seasons. The methodology of this monitoring has been improved by including multi-panel gillnets and is being implemented at certain existing monitoring stations of the Mekong mainstream and tributaries. The standardised fishing gear is employed to ensure the comparability of collected data between stations and occasions (spatio-temporal differences).
  • Fish larvae drift monitoring: Fish larvae drift monitoring has been carried out in Cambodia and Viet Nam since 2000, and commenced in Lao PDR in 2020 and Thailand in 2021. It is an effective means of assessing fish larvae/juvenile quantity and density, and to identify likely fish spawning grounds.
  • Bagnet (dai) fishery monitoring: The dai fishery in Cambodia is the only inland industrial fishery established for more than 140 years. The MRC and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration have been monitoring the dai fishery on the Tonle Sap River since 1995. The monitoring targets small mud carps migrating downstream from the Tonle Sap Lake to the Mekong River from the end of the wet season in October to March. It also tracks trends of key indicators such as fish abundance and diversity and fish prices at landing sites.

To complement the longstanding monitoring work, the MRC initiated the Joint Environment Monitoring (JEM) programme in 2017 to monitor possible impacts from the Xayaburi and Don Sahong Hydropower projects. Through the JEM, additional fish abundance monitoring sites will be included on the mainstream Mekong in the vicinity of the proposed hydropower projects. Monitoring data from these sites will provide information about the direct impacts of hydropower operations on fisheries and (in combination with information from hydrological and sediment modelling) provide insights into how the LMB is responding at a basin scale to hydropower and other development activities.

In addition, the technical guidelines for fish passage monitoring will be applied in the current fisheries monitoring programmes for assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of fish passage facilities installed at the dam sites.

The JEM complements implementation of the Mekong Basin-wide Fisheries Management and Development Strategy (BFMS) 2018-2022, which encourages dialogue, understanding, and learning to foster the sustainable development of fisheries and aquatic resources in the LMB. 

Fish-abunda
Fish abundance and diversity monitoring locations (click to zoom)

Water quality monitoring supports the implementation of the MRC’s Procedures for Water Quality (PWQ), which were adopted by the Member Countries in 2011. The PWQ aims at ensuring water quality remains safe for future generations, and that in the event of an environmental emergency, countries are prepared to assist one another to protect riverine communities and the environment.

At national level, each Member Country has a designated water quality laboratory to undertake monitoring, sampling and analysis. The designated laboratories are responsible for undertaking routine monitoring and for analysing, assessing and reporting water quality data on an annual basis. The water sampling, sample preservation, sample transportation and storage have been carried out in accordance with international standards such as the 20th edition of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and method validation of ISO/IEC 17025-2005.

At regional level, the MRC Secretariat provides technical support for the monitoring of water quality and to ensure the integrity of data recorded at national level. The MRC Secretariat also acts as a central hub for regional water quality data and provides a platform for data exchange in accordance with the Procedures for Data and Information Exchange and Sharing (PDIES).

Contribution to Basin and National Planning

Data from the MRC’s fisheries monitoring contributes to a wide range of planning and implementation activities, including:

  • Implementation of the MRC’s Procedures for Data and Information Exchange and Sharing
  • Preparation of the State of Basin Report, which is used for the development of the Basin Development Strategy and the MRC Strategic Plan
  • Preparation of the Biodiversity Assessment Report for the Council Study
  • Preparation of the basin-wide impact assessment of climate change on ecosystems, which is used to develop the Mekong Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan
  • Preparation of the Mekong Basin-wide Fisheries Management and Development Strategy
  • The provision and dissemination of status and trends on fisheries and fish communities in the LMB
  • The Vietnamese Mekong Delta Study
  • Feasibility studies for hydropower projects on the 3 S rivers (Sekong, Sesan, Srepok) and mainstream hydropower projects in Cambodia

 

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© 2024 Mekong River Commission

Dr. An Pich Hatda

Former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat 
Hatda

Mr. Pham Tuan Phan

First Riparian Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat

Mr. Hans Joakim GUTTMAN

Former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat 

Mr. Jeremy Douglas BIRD

Former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat 

Mr. Kristensen Joern

Former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat 

Dr. Olivier Cogels

Former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat 

Mr. Yasunobu Matoba

Former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) Secretariat